Note: All citations should be double spaced and the 2nd & following lines indented 5 spaces. Additional format information provided below.
Book
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (Publication year). Title of
book.
Location: Publisher.
Example:
Okuda, M.A. & Okuda, D.A. (1993). Star Trek
chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket.
Electronic book
Format:
Author last name, initial(s). (Publication year). Title of book [electronic
version]. Location: Publisher. Date retrieved, from netLibrary.
Example:
Schlosser, E. (2001). Fast food nation [electronic
version]. Boston: Houghlin Mifflin. Retrieved June 26, 2003, from netLibrary.
Article or chapter within books
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (Publication year). Title of chapter. In A.
Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
Example:
James, N.E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk
and Spock. In Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT:
Greenwood.
Encyclopedia or other multi-volume work
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (Publication year). Title of article. In Title
of work (vol. , pages of article). Location: Publisher.
Example:
Sturgeon, T.H. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana. (Vol.
5, pp. 203-207). Danbury, CT: Encyclopedia Americana.
Article from Literature Resource Center
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) if available. (Publication year). Title of Article. Name
of Source. Retrieved month day year, from Name of Database, Database Publisher,
(document or accession number if available).
Example:
Doris (Helen) Kearns Goodwin. (2003). Contemporary authors. Retrieved
January 19 2005, from Contemporary Authors Online, Gale Group Databases.
Article from a printed journal
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (Publication year). Title of article. Title
of journal, volume number, pages.
Example:
Wilcox. R.V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek: The
Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 126, 53-65.
Article from an online journal
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (Publication Year). Title of article. Title
of journal, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved
month day, year, from Web address url. [if the article also appears in a printed
journal, a URL is not required.]
Example:
Rohrbaugh, G. & deRosset, L. (2004). A new route to the necessity of
origin. Mind, 113(425). Retrieved January 5, 2005, from http://mind.oupjournals.org/
Journal article from an online database
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (Publication year). Title of article. Title
of journal, volume number (issue number if available), pages. Retrieved
month, day, year, from name of database, database publisher, (document number
if available).
Example:
Gump, S.E. (2005). The cost of cutting class: Attendance as a predictor of
student success. College Teaching 53(1), 21-6. Retrieved January
5, 2005, from OmniFile Full Text Mega, H.W. Wilson, (200534903828004).
Article from a print magazine
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title
of magazine, volume (issue), pages.
Example:
Pimentel, D. & Wilson, A. (2004, Sept/Oct). World population, agriculture,
and malnutrition. World Watch, 17(5), 22-25.
Article from an online magazine
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title
of magazine. Retrieved month day, year, from Web address url
Example:
Kiser, D. (2004, Oct). No one rules the net, not yet. Information Today.
Retrieved January 6, 2005, from http://www.infotoday.com/
Magazine article from an online database
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title
of magazine, volume (issue), pages. Retrieved month, day,
year, from name of database, database publisher, (document number if available).
Example:
Miller, M.J. (2004, Dec 28). The year of living musically. PC Magazine, 23(23), 7. Retrieved January 6, 2005, from Academic Search Elite, EBSCO, (152875470).
Article from a print newspaper
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title
of newspaper, pages.
Example:
Perez, E. (2005, January 5). New pressure to simplify air fares. Wall Street
Journal, pp.D1, D8.
Article from an online newspaper
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title
of newspaper. Retrieved month, day, year, from Web address url
Example:
Assis, C. (2005, January 5). Ghosts in the river. Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved
Jan 5, 2005, from http://www.hamptonroads.com/pilotonline/
Newspaper article from a database
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (year, month day of publication). Title of article. Title
of newspaper. Retrieved month, day, year, from name of database, database
publisher, (document number if available).
Example:
Biers, J.M. (2004, December 3). Corporate acquirers screen targets for possible
corruption. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from ABI/INFORM,
Proquest.
Website
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) [if given] (date web page was created or last
updated). Title of web document. Retrieved month day, year, from [host
business, agency or program]: Web address url
Example:
Baumgarten, L. Looking at eighteenth century clothing. Retrieved January
6, 2005, from Colonial Williamsburg Explore and Learn: http://www.history.org/
Online posting
Format:
Author last name, initial(s) (date of posting year, month day). Title of
posting. Message posted to: Web address url
Example:
Aasim (2003, May 6). About fuzzy logic. Message posted to: http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/ drmath.college.html
Notes
- In APA style, the alphabetical list of works cited is titled "References."
- Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc.
- DoubleSpace all lines.
- Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces (or one half inch).
- When a Web address must be divided at the end of a line, break it after a slash or before a period. Do not insert a hyphen.
- If no author is given, start with the title.
- Titles of books are italicized.
- Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or pp.
- If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically, treat the encyclopedia article as if it were a book article. Specific volume and page numbers are cited in the text, not in the list of references.
- For guidelines concerning differences between journals and magazine, consult the library's web page: Magazine vs journal.
- Web sites: include the title of the web page, the name of the entire web site, the organization that posted it (this may be the same as the name of the website). Also include the full date the page was created or last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it.
- If a document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as that for a university or a government agency), identify the host organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
- Internet Magazine Articles:
- As for page numbers, different databases will provide different information. Include the range of pages (ex. 25-28.); or the starting page followed by a hyphen, a blank space, and a period (ex. 64- .); or the total number of pages or paragraphs (ex. 12 pp. or 33 pars.). If no page information is given, then leave it out.
- The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details.
- For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual.
- APA guidelines require that you use parenthetical citations to document quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and other material from a source used in your paper. These in-text citations correspond to the full bibliographic entries found in a list of references included at the end of your paper. Unless otherwise noted, electronic sources follow the same pattern as printed ones. For a guide on how to do parenthetical citations click here or consult the print version of the APA Style Guide found in Reference BF 76.7 P83 2001
Additional information
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Ref BF 76.7 .P83 2001 - Print edition of the APA style manual is available in the library.
APA Style - Electronic References style information
Citing Information - UNC Chapel Hill Libraries
Bedford/St. Martins Publishers - Citation styles for online sources.